Hot weather during the summer can affect anyone, but some people run a greater risk of serious harm, according to the BBC.
As temperatures rise across the UK, the body works hard to maintain a core temperature of around 37°C. It does this primarily through sweating and increasing blood flow to the skin. But when conditions are very hot and humid, these mechanisms can fail, leading to heat exhaustion or – in severe cases – heatstroke.
“Hot weather can affect anyone, but some people run a greater risk of serious harm. The article explains how the body copes with extreme heat, who is most vulnerable, and what to do to stay safe.”
Heat exhaustion is the body's response to an excessive loss of water and salt through sweating. Symptoms include headaches, dizziness, nausea, and heavy sweating. If not treated, it can escalate into heatstroke, a life-threatening condition where the body's temperature rises above 40°C. Signs of heatstroke include confusion, red hot dry skin, and loss of consciousness.
Certain groups are more vulnerable. These include older adults, young children, people with long-term health conditions such as heart disease or diabetes, and those taking medications that affect the body's ability to regulate temperature. The very young have a larger surface area relative to body weight, making them more susceptible to overheating. Older people may have reduced sweating capacity and underlying health issues.
The UK is experiencing more frequent and intense heatwaves due to climate change. The Met Office has warned that temperatures could hit 40°C in parts of England in coming years. During the July 2022 heatwave, England recorded its first ever 40°C day, and excess deaths among people aged 65 and over rose significantly.
In Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, heat alerts are less common but extreme heat still poses a risk, particularly for those in urban areas where buildings trap heat. The NHS advises keeping homes cool by closing curtains during the day and opening windows at night, avoiding strenuous activity, and drinking plenty of water.
Public Health England (PHE) issues heat-health alerts and guidance for health professionals. The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) coordinates the national heatwave plan, which aims to reduce the health impacts of extreme heat. During a Level 3 alert, health services are put on standby and extra care home checks are carried out.
The NHS recommends that during hot weather, people should stay hydrated, wear light clothing, and check on vulnerable neighbours. For heatstroke, immediate cooling is critical – move the person to a cool place, remove outer clothing, and apply cool water to the skin. If they lose consciousness, call 999.
What happens next depends on the weather forecast. The UKHSA and Met Office will continue to issue alerts if a heatwave is predicted. Long-term, the government is reviewing building regulations to ensure new homes are designed to stay cool, and the NHS is preparing for increased demand during summer.
What This Means For You - Homeowners and renters: Consider using fans or air conditioning if you have elderly or ill relatives. Keep blinds closed during peak sun. - Workers: Those in outdoor jobs or poorly ventilated spaces are at risk. Employers must provide rest breaks and water by law. - Pensioners and those with health conditions: Stay indoors during the hottest part of the day (11am-3pm) and keep in touch with friends or family. - Parents and carers: Ensure children drink regularly and avoid heavy play in direct sun. Never leave anyone in a parked car. - Everyone: Learn the signs of heat exhaustion and heatstroke, and know when to seek help.